Food systems and how they relate to malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries
This is a summary of the following report: ENN (2021) Food systems and how they relate to malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries. Oxford, UK. https://www.ennonline.net/foodsystemsscopingbrief
2021 was a critical year for nutrition with issues around food systems taking centre stage following the UN Food Systems Summit in September. This summit, and the subsequent momentum generated, presented a unique opportunity to transform food systems so that they work to reduce malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Nevertheless, it is not always immediately clear how food systems are related to malnutrition in all settings and actors working in malnutrition reduction do not always know how best to contribute to food systems conversations.
ENN developed this brief to help the nutrition community to contribute to conversations on food systems transformation and to capitalise on the opportunities offered to drive forward actions to reduce malnutrition in LMICs. The brief summarises the relevant aspects of food systems and suggests key entry points for engagement. The authors conducted a scoping review of the literature and key informant interviews and found that today’s food systems are broken and are unable to deliver nutritious, safe, affordable and sustainable diets. Instead, such systems actually undermine nutrition in several ways, particularly for vulnerable and marginalised populations.
The key pressures on food systems that are leading to suboptimal function and ultimately to poor global diets include agricultural production becoming increasingly dependent on a small number of intensified monocultures which does not match global nutritional needs, climate change influencing the quality and quantity of food that can be produced and our ability to distribute it equitably, population growth, urbanisation and globalisation which are resulting in longer supply chains, more processing and the greater availability of ultra-processed foods and consumer behaviours being heavily influenced by the unregulated marketing campaigns of transnational companies.
The report highlights the effects of food systems on nutrition in fragile environments, the relevance of food systems for infant and young child feeding (IYCF), the relevance of food systems for the nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents and the effect of food systems on the prevention and treatment of wasting and stunting. For example, in-kind food assistance, a life-saving solution in fragile contexts, has not been successful in rebuilding and strengthening food systems. It is increasingly recognised that multi-sector development actions need to be combined with humanitarian aid in fragile contexts, such as actions across agricultural production, market and trade systems, food processing and retail, as well as actions to improve consumer demand and purchasing power. Examples of food systems interventions influencing IYCF include the regulation of trade and the promotion of breastfeeding substitutes, policies around maternity leave for working mothers, investment in breastmilk bank infrastructures, interventions to increase public knowledge of optimal IYCF practices, the regulation of commercially available baby foods and nutrition-sensitive agriculture and livestock interventions for improving access to healthy complementary foods in farming communities. Adolescents and children are especially susceptible to the power of marketing by large food corporations due to the current lack of regulation. School food systems are an important entry point for influencing diets in school-aged children. Lastly, the report discusses the system surrounding the provision of ready-to-use therapeutic food for children with wasting which is a microcosm of wider food systems and needs a similar transformations such as shorter supply chains, cohesive but efficient product regulation and investment in national infrastructure.
The report concludes that, although there is a plethora of existing food systems knowledge and evidence within the areas of nutrition mentioned above, these topics are often not articulated together. The evidence-base regarding the impact of interventions within food systems on nutrition is vast but also complicated and somewhat disorganised which can make it difficult for policy-makers, donors and practitioners to navigate. There is a need to identify and translate relevant evidence of food systems interventions for improving undernutrition in LMICs since the links here are not always directly apparent and discussions can often be siloed